Living Kidney Transplantation: A Review of Donor Evaluation, Risks and Outcome.
Main Article Content
Keywords
Living donors, Transplant, Kidney, Hypertension, Haematuria
Abstract
The number of ESRD patients is rapidly increasing globally. Although the best treatment option for ESRD is transplant, due to shortage of organs patients have to wait for some years for kidney transplant. Living kidney transplant gives better recipient and allograft outcomes but donor safety is equally important. To ascertain the safety of donation, living kidney donors undergo extensive evaluation prior to getting accepted for kidney donation. In the long term, donors are at higher risk for hypertension and proteinuria than general population and need close follow up after solitary nephrectomy. This review focuses on the evaluation and outcomes of kidney donors.
References
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3. McAlister VC, Badovinac K. Transplantation in Canada: report of the Canadian Organ Replacement Register. Transplantation proceedings 2003; 35:2428-2430.
4. Sharing, U.U.N.F.O. (Accessed October 21, 2012. ) UNOS: United Network For Organ Sharing Data. 2012.
5. Arogundade FA. Kidney Transplantation in a low resource setting: Nigeria experience. Kidney International 2013; 3: Suppl 3, 241-245.
6. Okpere AN, Anocie IC. Knowledge and Attitude of Health care workers towards Kidney Transplantation in Nigeria. Niger J Paed 2014; 41: 48-53
7. Price D. Living kidney donation in Europe: legal and ethical perspectives--the EUROTOLD Project. Transpl Int 1994; 7: Suppl 1, 665-667.
8. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network OPTN. (Accessed October 21 2012)
9. Meier-Kriesche HU, Kaplan B. Waiting time on dialysis as the strongest modifiable risk factor for renal transplant outcomes: A paired donor kidney analysis. Transplantation 2003; 74 : 1377-1381.
10. Medin C, Elinder CG, Hylander B, Blom B, Wilczek H. Survival of patients who have been on a waiting list for renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000, 15, 701-704.
11. Papalois VE, Moss A, Gillingham KJ, Sutherland DE, Matas AJ, Humar A. Pre-emptive transplants for patients with renal failure: an argument against waiting until dialysis. Transplantation 2000; 70: 625-631.
12. Perico N, Cattaneo D, Sayegh MH, Remuzzi G. Delayed graft function in kidney transplantation. Lancet 2004; 364:1814-1827.
13. Halloran PF, Hunsicker LG. Delayed graft function: state of the art, November 10-11, 2000. Summit meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2001; 1: 115-120.
14. Whittaker JR, Veith FJ, Soberman R, Lalezari P, Tellis I, Freed SZ et al. The fate of the renal transplant with delayed function. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1973; 136: 919-922.
15. Delmonico FL, Sheehy E, Marks WH, Baliga P, McGowan JJ, Magee JC. Organ donation and utilization in the United States, 2004. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2005; 5:862-873.
16. Terasaki PI, Cecka JM, Gjertson DW, Takemoto S. High survival rates of kidney transplants from spousal and living unrelated donors. The New England journal of medicine 1995; 333: 333-336.
17. Abdu A, Morolo N, Meyers A, Wadee S, Britz R, Naicker S. Living Kidney donor transplants over a 16-year period in South Africa: A single centre experience. Ann Afr Med 2011; 10: 127-31
18. Adekoya AO, Desalu OO, Onakoya JAA, Adeyeye OO, Aderibigbe A, Adekoya BJ et al. Willingness of Nigerians to Donate a Kidney. Nig Qt J Hosp Med 2012; 22:282-287.
19. Iliyasu Z, Abubakar IS, Lawan UM, Abubakar M, Adamu B. Predictors of Public Attitude toward Living Organ Donation in Kano, Northern Nigeria. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2014; 25: 196-205.
20. Aghanwa HS, Akinsola A, Akinola DO, Makanjuola RO. Attitudes toward kidney donation. J Natl Med Assoc 2003; 95: 725-31.
21. Delmonico F. A Report of the Amsterdam Forum On the Care of the Live Kidney Donor: Data and Medical Guidelines. Transplantation 2005; 79: S53-66.
22. Barr ML, Belghiti J, Villamil FG, Pomfret EA, Sutherland DS, Gruessner RW et al. A report of the Vancouver Forum on the care of the live organ donor: lung, liver, pancreas, and intestine data and medical guidelines. Transplantation 2006; 81:1373-1385.
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24. Bia MJ, Ramos EL, Danovitch GM, Gaston RS, Harmon WE, Leichtman AB et al. Evaluation of living renal donors. The current practice of US transplant centers. Transplantation 1995; 60:322-327.
25. Gabolde M, Herve C, Moulin AM. Evaluation, selection, and follow-up of live kidney donors: a review of current practice in French renal transplant centres. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 2048-2052.
26. Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Ballard-Barbash R et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. The New England journal of medicine 2006, 355: 763-778.
27. Gelber RP, Kurth T, Kausz AT, Manson JE, Buring JE, Levey AS et al. Association between body mass index and CKD in apparently healthy men. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2005; 46: 871-880.
28. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Kinjo K, Inoue T, Iseki C, Takishita S. Body mass index and the risk of development of end-stage renal disease in a screened cohort. Kidney international 2004; 65:1870-1876.
29. Chertow, G.M., Hsu, C.Y. and Johansen, K.L. The enlarging body of evidence: obesity and chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 1501-1502.
30. Jacobs SC, Cho E, Dunkin BJ, Bartlett ST, Flowers JL, Jarrell, B. Laparoscopic nephrectomy in the markedly obese living renal donor. Urology 2000; 56: 926-929.
31. Pesavento TE, Henry ML, Falkenhain ME, Cosio FG, Bumgardner GL, Elkhammas E et al. Obese living kidney donors: short-term results and possible implications. Transplantation 1999; 68: 1491-1496.
32. Heimbach JK, Taler SJ, Prieto M, Cosio FG, Textor SC, Kudva YC et al. Obesity in living kidney donors: clinical characteristics and outcomes in the era of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. American journal of transplantation: Official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2005; 5: 1057-1064.
33. Praga M, Hernandez E, Herrero JC, Morales E, Revilla Y, Diaz-Gonzalez R et al. Influence of obesity on the appearance of proteinuria and renal insufficiency after unilateral nephrectomy. Kidney international 2000; 58: 2111-2118.
34. Young A, Storsley L, Garg AX, Treleaven D, Nguan CY, Cuerden MS et al. Health outcomes for living kidney donors with isolated medical abnormalities: a systematic review. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2008, 8: 1878-1890.
35. Mandelbrot DA, Pavlakis M, Danovitch GM, Johnson SR, Karp SJ, Khwaja K et al . The medical evaluation of living kidney donors: a survey of US transplant centers. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2007; 7: 2333-2343.
36. Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Darbinian J, Go AS, Iribarren, C. Elevated blood pressure and risk of end-stage renal disease in subjects without baseline kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 923-928.
37. Novick AC, Gephardt G, Guz B, Steinmuller D, Tubbs RR. Long-term follow-up after partial removal of a solitary kidney. The New England journal of medicine 1991; 325: 1058-1062.
38. Textor SC, Taler SJ, Driscoll N, Larson TS, Gloor J, Griffin M, et al. Blood pressure and renal function after kidney donation from hypertensive living donors. Transplantation 2004; 78: 276-282.
39. Gibney EM, Parikh CR, Garg AX. Age, gender, race, and associations with kidney failure following living kidney donation. Transplantation proceedings 2008;40: 1337-1340.
40. Lentine KL, Schnitzler, M.A., Xiao, H., Saab, G., Salvalaggio, P.R., Axelrod, D., Davis, C.L., Abbott, K.C. and Brennan, D.C. Racial variation in medical outcomes among living kidney donors. The New England journal of medicine 2010; 363: 724-732.
41. Nogueira JM, Weir, M.R., Jacobs, S., Haririan, A., Breault, D., Klassen, D., Evans, D., Bartlett, S.T. and Cooper, M. A study of renal outcomes in African American living kidney donors. Transplantation 2009; 88: 1371-1376.
42. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Iseki C, Takishita S. Proteinuria and the risk of developing end-stage renal disease. Kidney international 2003; 63: 1468-1474.
43. Schmitz A, Christensen CK, Christensen T, Solling K. No microalbuminuria or other adverse effects of long-standing hyperfiltration in humans with one kidney. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 1989; 13:131-136.
44. Pham PC, Wilkinson AH, Pham PT. Evaluation of the potential living kidney donor. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2007; 50: 1043-1051.
45. Koushik R, Garvey C, Manivel JC, Matas AJ, Kasiske BL. Persistent, asymptomatic, microscopic hematuria in prospective kidney donors. Transplantation 2005; 80:1425-1429.
46. Schroder FH. Microscopic haematuria. BMJ 1994; 309:70-72.
47. Vadivel N, Stankovic A, Rennke HG, Singh AK. Accepting prospective kidney donors with asymptomatic urinary abnormalities: are we shooting in the dark? Kidney international 2007; 71: 173-177.
48. Korbet SM. Percutaneous renal biopsy. Semin Nephrol 2002; 22: 254-267.
49. Whittier WL, Korbet SM. Timing of complications in percutaneous renal biopsy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 142-147.
50. Koselj M, Rott T, Kandus A, Vizjak A, Malovrh M. Donor-transmitted IgA nephropathy: long-term follow-up of kidney donors and recipients. Transplantation proceedings 1997; 29: 3406-3407.
51. Nieuwhof CM, de Heer F, de Leeuw P, van Breda Vriesman PJ.Thin GBM nephropathy: premature glomerular obsolescence is associated with hypertension and late onset renal failure. Kidney international 1997; 51: 1596-1601.
52. Tonna S, Wang YY, MacGregor D, Sinclair R, Martinello P, Power D et al. The risks of thin basement membrane nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2005; 25: 171-175.
53. Pak CY. Kidney stones. Lancet 1998; 351: 1797-1801.
54. Trinchieri A, Ostini F, Nespoli R, Rovera F, Montanari E, Zanetti G. A prospective study of recurrence rate and risk factors for recurrence after a first renal stone. J Urol 1999; 162:27-30.
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